Room for a White Garden?

While writing a previous post I stumbled on this blog created by eight employees of the Sissinghurst Castle Gardens in Kent England, part of the UK National Trust, which has been protecting historic green spaces since 1864.

Yucca Bloom

Yucca bloom in my garden

The gardens contain Vita Sackville-West’s famous white garden.

The Sissinghurst gardners wrote that  “…the concept of an actual white garden, or Vita’s ‘Grey garden’ was not properly conceived until 1939. This is when Vita imagines a garden full of white, silver and green plants…”

Their post got me thinking about what was blooming white in my own garden.

Yucca1

Yucca

hydrangea

White hydrangea

Hydrangea serrata 'Shiro Fuji'

Hydrangea serrata ‘Shiro Fuji’

Primula seiboldii

Primula seiboldii

Clematis 'Huldine'

Clematis ‘Huldine’

Remembering Steve Antonow

We met sometime in the late 1980’s at a plant society meeting at Seattle’s Center for Urban Horticulture, apparently the only male members under the age of forty.

melianthus

Melianthus major ‘Antonow’s Blue.’ Photo courtesy of Far Reaches Farm and the Outlaw Gardener

Since the group skewed older, we were welcomed for our relative youth. We soon found ourselves chatting about the generational demographics. Steve and I shared an interest in the genus Primula and later discovered we were exactly the same age, sharing December 16th, 1948 as our first day on this lovely planet.

The coincidence cemented a friendship, though it was a friendship focused almost solely on horticulture. Considering our differences in temperament and personality it seemed unlikely that the friendship would endure.

Yet even though we drifted apart, we always reconnected on our birthday.

* * *


I had become interested in plants and gardening in my mid thirties when, married and secure in my masculinity, I was able to indulge my love of flowers, gardens and the natural world.  As a child of the 50’s and 60’s growing up in a working class neighborhood my interests were limited to sports.  It seemed to me that a boy expressing an interest in flowers, art, and sadly even books was inappropriate, certainly frowned on by my peers and even many adults. So I behaved accordingly.

Steve had a different kind of childhood. On one garden walk he explained to me that as a youngster in the 1950’s, suffering from both the effects of a Poliomyelitis infection (Polio) and the stigma attached to the disease, he would take walks in nearby woods, the plants and critters his only companions. That his treatment regime included antibiotics and mild exercise probably allowed his parents to approve of his solitary forays into the woods.

* * *

Mag Cover ContestWhether it was a walk in a Seattle park, trail-side in the woods or just a neighborhood stroll in West Seattle, Steve had a remarkable talent for pointing out the extraordinary beauty of flora in the natural world, be it an unusual cultivar, an overlooked native or a plant that deserved more use in gardens.

His own garden, densely packed with choice plants, remained a bit of a secret until 1995, when it won a major local prize. Here it is pictured on the cover of the Seattle Times’ Pacific magazine.

Writing about that prize winning garden in 1995, Dean Stahl marveled at Steve’s achievement and provided insight into Steve’s character:

Antonow pays serious attention to color, form, texture and how each plant relates to its neighbor. He has an artist’s eye, in this sense, and can foresee the big picture while surrounded by minutia. The cultivated space is so intensively planted that if you shift  your attention an inch there is a new rarity to consider.

Antonow says, “A garden should have hidden qualities. That idea of being confined  — passing through the [entry] arbor — then bursting into the open is appealing to me. The long line of plant material one comes upon is naturally a scene of release, of verge and power.”

He is a Jesuit-trained classicist who weaves poetry into everyday conversation and radiates contentment when he plunges his hands into homemade compost. If Gerard manley Hopkins and Emily Dickinson are his kindred spirits, horticulture is his abiding passion. It is no wonder that Antonow has arranged his life so he can work with plants nearly every day.

* * *

Steve retired early from a job with the federal government, I think he worked for OSHA in Chicago (he once mentioned testifying before Congress) and moved to West Seattle to devote all his energy to his passion for gardening.  I’m not sure how long after we met he had purchased his house, but I believe he selected the Fauntleroy bungalow for the potential the backyard offered, rather than any amenities inside the house.

entranceSteve’s choice of a neighborhood in West Seattle in close proximity to Puget Sound was the result of his desire to garden in a climate more hospitable to year-round gardening rather than what Chicago’s bitter winters could provide. Writing in an online garden forum Mindy Arbo had this to say in answer to the question of where a gardener seeking to garden all year should move:

“There once was a very amazingly talented and serious Chicago gardener named Steve Antonow. When he pondered your same question, he spent a great deal of time studying U.S.weather charts and soil data and every other kind of data (property prices etc.) that he could find. He then settled/retired in West Seattle and developed an extraordinary garden. He often verbally confirmed that he had indeed made the right choice. West Seattle.”

(Read all the answers to “Looking for a Perfect Gardening Weather...”

* * *

Harken peachI remember the first time Steve invited me to see his garden and my excitement at finally getting to see many of the plants we talked about. We had met several times at garden meetings and together had visited some of his friends and clients’ gardens.  Many of those folks and their gardens were noteworthy in the insider world of “Seattle Garden Literati.”  At the time, I didn’t consider myself worthy of hanging out with SGL types, since when it came to gardening I just dabbled ( a true gardening dilettante), but Steve always provided encouragement, “…but Bart you are a keen observer of plants and already know so much about the genus Primula.”

Steve’s digs in West Seattle were Spartan and utilitarian, little to distract from his primary goal of working tirelessly to turn the backyard into a plant collectors paradise. The front yard of the house remained no different than the other houses on the block.

Alyogyne huegeliiThe backyard was Steve’s secret garden, a sanctuary that changed daily. The garden featured tons of rose and clematis cultivars; all kinds of herbaceous perennials; espaliered apple, peach and pear trees, fig trees and a grape arbor.

On one side of the central path Steve had salvaged a large trough and somehow had wrestled it to eye level, the better to enjoy smaller plants, like Dianthus, Saxifrages, and even some alpine Lewisias.

***

I visited Steve’s garden at least three or four times after he won best garden in the 1995 contest, which was at that time sponsored by the Seattle Times and the Northwest Flower and Garden Show with the cooperation of the UW Arboretum Foundation (where Steve regularly volunteered) . First prize, was an all expense trip to the Chelsea Garden show in London.  It would be the second time Steve visited English gardens.

I wouldn’t be surprised if on his first or second visit Steve toured Vita Sackville-West’s Sissinghurst garden. Steve’s garden figured In a 2011 lecture at Cornell University’s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences entitled, Literature, Life, Gardens: The Influence of Vita Sackville-West,

Say the name Vita Sackville-West and some will instantly think of Virginia Woolf’s “Orlando.” Others will picture Sackville-West’s magnificent garden at Sissinghurst, said Molly Hite, Cornell professor of English.

On Aug. 24 in Call Auditorium at Cornell University, Molly Hite, professor of English and noted garden photographer David McDonald brought the two strands of Sackville-West’s life together in the 15th annual Cornell Plantations William H. and Jane Torrence Harder Lecture, “Literature, Life, Gardens: The Influence of Vita Sackville-West.”

During the lecture, McDonald demonstrated Sackville-West’s enduring influence through photographs of modern gardens, including that of the late Steven Antonow, who adapted her ideas in a relatively small urban space. Like Sissinghurst, Antonow created occluded vistas so “there was always another corner to go around that would provide new surprises and new plants,” said McDonald. “That idea of breaking your space up into different smaller spaces and giving them particular themes is one of her enduring legacies.”

Steve died on May 5, 2003 after a short bout with Pancreatic cancer, probably no more than six months after he was diagnosed. Although we had kept up regularly through the 1990’s we had fallen out of touch and hadn’t spoken regularly since our 50th birthdays in December of 1998.  The last time I saw Steve was in 2001 when we ran into each other at City People’s Garden Center in Madison Park. That conversation was all too short.

“There is pleasure in enjoying the arc of the life of a plant. To see it reach maturity and decline and the homogenizing quality of the compost heap. ‘The descending declining dissolving,‘ as Joyce wrote.  This is as it should be.”
— Steve Antonow

Note on the pictures:   All pictures in this post, except the Melianthus are copies from my aging, yellowing 1995 Pacific Magazine, which was published as an insert in the Sunday Seattle Times.  Those photographs were taken by Tom Reese and are probably copyrighted property of the Seattle Times.  The full article, text without pictures, written by Dean Stahl, is still available online in the Seattle Times archives at  Secret Garden.

Thinking, Feeling Plants ?

Featured

No, this post is not about my thinking or feeling flora, or me handling plant material by simply talking to the plant. It’s really about a provocative and fascinating Michael Pollan’s piece in the December 2013  New Yorker magazine.The Intelligent Plant: Scientists debate a new way of understanding flora.”  (The above link may open the complete article for current New Yorker subscribers onlyOr just scroll down to continue more about the fascinating neurobiology that plants are smarter than we think.New Yorker Mag2

The idea that plants might be intelligent (some would say even sentient) in some manner and worthy of study is the work of a group of scientists who prefer to categorize their work as “Plant Neurobiology.” Predictably. Many scientists, botanists and other academics were outraged. According to Michael Pollan, Depending on whom you talk to in the plant sciences today, the field of plant neurobiology represents either a radical new paradigm in our understanding of life or a slide back down into the murky scientific waters last stirred up by [the book] The Secret Life of Plants.”

In case you’re not familiar with The Secret Life of Plants, first published in 1973, one claim it made is that plants were sentient, even though lacking a nervous system or brain. Pollan says the book’s  “… most memorable passages described experiments of a former C.I.A. polygraph expert named Cleve Backster, who, in 1966, on a whim, hooked up a galvanometer to the leaf of a dracaena, a houseplant that he kept in his office. To his astonishment, Backster found that simply by imagining the dracaena being set on fire he could make it rouse the needle of the polygraph machine.”

Not surprisingly, legitimate researchers could not duplicate these results. Since it’s publication, much of the reported science in The Secret Life of Plants” has been discredited.  But Pollan says the cultural damage was significant and hindered important work:

According to Daniel Chamovitz, an Israeli biologist who is the author of the recent book What a Plant Knows, [The Secret Life of Plants] stymied important research on plant behavior as scientists became wary of any studies that hinted at parallels between animal senses and plant senses.” Others contend that “The Secret Life of Plants” led to “self-censorship” among researchers seeking to explore the “possible homologies between neurobiology and phytobiology”; that is, the possibility that plants are much more intelligent and much more like us than most people think—capable of cognition, communication, information processing, computation, learning, and memory.


That’s the backstory to Pollan’s fascinating review of the work plant neurobiologists are doing today.  That research is covered in depth in Pollan’s piece.  I’ll recount just one example, experiments on Mimosa pudica, better known as the Sensitive Plant.

Mimosa pudica leaves open

Mimosa pudica leaves open.  Photo © BarryRice/sarracenia.com

Most of us are familiar with the way the leaves of this plant respond immediately to touch by folding up, presumably to frighten away insects. The leaves also collapse when the plant is dropped.

Mimosa pudica leaves closed

Mimosa pudica leaves closed. Photo © Barry Rice/sarracenia.com

Monica Gagliano, an animal ecologist at the University of Western Australia based her experiment with the sensitive plant on a set of protocols commonly used to test learning in animals. Her unpublished paper was presented at a scientific conference at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, B.C. She potted 56 mimosa plants and designed a system to drop the pots from a height of fifteen centimeters every five seconds. Each training session involved 60 drops. Gagliano reported the mimosas sarted to reopen their leaves after just four to six drops; and by the end of the series their leaves remained completely open as if they concluded this stimulus could be completely ignored.

Even more interesting, Gagliano retested her plants after a week and found they continued to disregard the drop stimilus, as if they remembered what they had learned.  Gagliano’s conclusions suggested that “brains and neurons are a sophisticated solution but not a necessary requirement for learning.”

Another fascinating example Pollan detailed concerned underground plant networks that forest trees establish using mycorrhizal fungi to connect roots and enable the exchange of information and even materials. Dubbed the “wood-wide web” by researchers, it allows scores of trees in a forest to convey warnings of insect attacks, and also to deliver carbon, nitrogen and water to trees in need.

Pollan concludes that “when most of us think of plants, to the extent that we think about them at all, we think of them as old — holdovers from a simpler, pre-human evolutionary past.”  But, Pollan opines, “that for plant neurobiologists these plant behaviors hold the key to a future that will be organized around systems and technologies that are networked, decentralized, modular, reiterated, redundant and — green, able to nourish themselves on light. Plants are the great symbol of modernity, their ‘brainlessness’ turns out to be their strength, and perhaps the most valuable inspiration we can take from them.”

So if your interested in reading the entire article online The archive stores digital replicas of every print issue of The New Yorker published since 1925. Subscribers can explore the archive at archives.newyorker.com. After you’re done reading it, like me, you might no longer feel sheepish about talking, singing and engaging with the plants in your own garden.